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9.4

Therefore, another general phenomenon is the study of network effects that arise anew

as components come together, called emergence. A system is much more than the sum of

its parts. At each new level, fundamentally new effects and phenomena occur that did not

exist at the lower level and that breathe new properties into life through the interaction of

the components. One example is the circulatory system, which is more than the many

individual blood and heart muscle cells and supplies the body with nutrients and oxygen,

resulting in system properties such as blood pressure and pulse. Another fine example is

9.4  System Credentials: Emergence, Modular Construction, Positive and Negative…